Οι νυχτερίδες φιλοξενούν πάνω από 60 ιούς που προσβάλλουν τον άνθρωπο, χωρίς οι ίδιες να νοσούν, εκτός εξαιρέσεων.
Αποτελούν έναν ιδιαίτερα αποτελεσματικό ξενιστή ιών και μικροβίων:
- Είναι εξαιρετικά πολυάριθμες και αποτελούν το 20-25 % των θηλαστικών της Γης
- Έχουν μεγάλη ποικιλομορφία, υπάρχουν περίπου 750 είδη
- Έχουν μακροβιότητα και φθάνουν τα 25-35 χρόνια
- Πετούν και διασπείρουν εύκολα τους μικροοργανισμούς
- Έρχονται σε επαφή με τα πολυάριθμα τρωκτικά
- Οι νυχτερίδες θεωρούνται η δεξαμενή πολλών ιών των ανθρώπων, των φυτών, των τρωκτικών και διαφόρων άλλων ζώων, γεγονός που διευκολύνει την ανταλλαγή γονιδίων και την εμφάνιση νέων τύπων διαφόρων ιών.
Η μόλυνση των ανθρώπων μπορεί να γίνει με το σάλιο, τα ούρα ή τα κόπρανα, είτε άμεσα είτε με την μεσολάβηση ενδιάμεσου ξενιστή, πχ άλογο, καμήλα, οικόσιτα ζώα κτλ.
Από τους πιο γνωστούς ιούς που προσβάλλουν τον άνθρωπο και φιλοξενούν οι νυχτερίδες είναι :
Ιός της Λύσσας
Ebola
Μarburg
Corona άλφα και βήτα, όπως πχ υπότυποι SARS, 2019 nCoV
Γρίπης Α
Ηandaan
Ηenipavirus
Nipah
Διάφοροι Παραμυξοϊοί
Ιό που έχουν απομονωθεί σε νυχτερίδες, σύμφωνα με τη μελέτη: Bats: Important Reservoir Hosts of Emerging Viruses:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539106/#!po=3.75000
Rabies virus | Numerous bat species, essentially worldwide |
Lagos bat virus | Eidolon helvum (African straw-colored fruit bat), Micropteropus pusillus (Peters’ lesser epauletted fruit bat), Epomops dobsonii (Dobson’s epauletted fruit bat), Nycteris gambiensis (Gambian slit-faced bat), Epomophorus wahlbergi (Wahlberg’s epauletted fruit bat) |
Duvenhage virus | Miniopterus sp., Nyctalus noctula (noctule), Vespertilio murinus (particolored bat), Nycteris thebaica (Egyptian slit-faced bat) |
Australian bat lyssavirus | Megachiroptera (multiple Pteropus spp.), Microchiroptera sp. from Australia, Saccolaimus flaviventris (yellow-bellied pouched bat) |
European bat lyssavirus 1 | Eptesicus serotinus (common serotine), Rousettus aegyptiacus (Egyptian rousette) |
European bat lyssavirus 2 | Myotis myotis (mouse-eared myotis), Myotis dasycneme (pond myotis), Myotis nattereri (Natterer’s myotis), Miniopterus schreibersii (Schreibers’ long-fingered bat), Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (greater horseshoe bat), Myotis daubentonii (Daubenton’s myotis) |
Aravan virus | Myotis blythii (lesser mouse-eared myotis) |
Khujand virus | Myotis mystacinus (whiskered myotis) |
Irkut virus | Murina leucogaster (greater tube-nosed bat) |
West Caucasian bat virus | Miniopterus schreibersii (Schreibers’ long-fingered bat) |
Family Rhabdoviridae, genus unassigned | |
Gossas virus | Tadarida sp. |
Kern Canyon virus | Myotis yumanensis (Yuma myotis) |
Mount Elgon bat virus | Rhinolophus eloquens (eloquent horseshoe bat) |
Oita 296 virus | Rhinolophus cornutus (little Japanese horseshoe bat) |
Family Orthomyxoviridae, genus Influenzavirus A, influenza A virus | Nyctalus noctula (noctule) |
Family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus | |
Hendra virus | Pteropus alecto (black flying fox), Pteropus poliocephalus (gray-headed flying fox), Pteropus scapulatus (little red flying fox), Pteropus conspicillatus (spectacled flying fox) |
Nipah virus | Pteropus hypomelanus (variable flying fox), Pteropus vampyrus (large flying fox), Pteropus lylei (Lyle’s flying fox) |
Family Paramyxoviridae, genus Rubulavirus | |
Mapuera virus | Sturnira lilium (yellow epauletted bat) |
Menangle virus | Pteropus poliocephalus (gray-headed flying fox) |
Tioman virus | Pteropus hypomelanus (variable flying fox) |
Family Paramyxoviridae, genus undetermined, a parainfluenzavirus | Rousettus leschenaultia (Leschenault’s rousette) |
Family Coronaviridae, SARS coronavirus | Rhinolophus sinicus (Chinese horseshoe bat), Rhinolophus pearsonii (Pearson’s horseshoe bat), Rhinolophus macrotis (big-eared horseshoe bat), Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (greater horseshoe bat) |
Family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus | |
Chikungunya virusb | Scotophilus sp., Rousettus aegyptiacus (Egyptian rousette), Hipposideros caffer (Sundevall’s leaf-nosed bat), Chaerephon pumilus (little free-tailed bat) |
Sindbis virus | Rhinolophidae sp., Hipposideridae sp. |
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus | Desmodus rotundus (vampire bat), Uroderma bilobatum (tent-making bat), Artibeus phaeotis (pygmy fruit-eating bat) |
Family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus | |
Bukalasa bat virus | Chaerephon pumilus (little free-tailed bat), Tadarida condylura (Angola free-tailed bat) |
Carey Island virus | Cynopterus brachiotis (lesser short-nosed fruit bat), Macroglossus minimus (lesser long-tongued fruit bat) |
Central European encephalitis virus | Unidentified bat |
Dakar bat virus | Chaerephon pumilus (little free-tailed bat), Taphozous perforatus (Egyptian tomb bat), Scotophilus sp., Mops condylurus (Angola free-tailed bat) |
Entebbe bat virus | Chaerephon pumilus (little free-tailed bat), Mops condylurus (Angola free-tailed bat) |
Japanese encephalitis virus | Hipposideros armiger terasensis (great roundleaf bat; also known as Formosan leaf-nosed bat), Miniopterus schreibersii (Schreibers’ long-fingered bat), Rhinolophus cornutus (little Japanese horseshoe bat) |
Jugra virus | Cynopterus brachiotis (lesser short-nosed fruit bat) |
Kyasanur Forest disease virus | Rhinolophus rouxi (rufous horseshoe bat), Cynopterus sphinx (greater short-nosed fruit bat) |
Montana myotis leucoencephalitis virus | Myotis lucifugus (little brown bat) |
Phnom-Penh bat virus | Eonycteris spelaea (lesser dawn bat), Cynopterus brachyotis (lesser short-nosed fruit bat) |
Rio Bravo virus | Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (Mexican free-tailed bat), Eptesicus fuscus (big brown bat) |
St. Louis encephalitis virus | Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (Mexican free-tailed bat) |
Saboya virus | Nycteris gambiensis (Gambian slit-faced bat) |
Sokuluk virus | Vespertilio pipistrellus (probably Pipistrellus pipistrellus; common pipistrelle) |
Tamana bat virus | Pteronotus parnellii (Parnell’s mustached bat) |
Uganda S virus | Rousettus sp., Tadarida sp. |
Yokose virus | Unidentified bat |
Family Bunyaviridae, genus Bunyavirus | |
Catu virus | Molossus obscurus (possibly Molossus currentium; Thomas’ mastiff bat) |
Guama virus | Unidentified bat |
Nepuyo virus | Artibeus jamaicensis (Jamaican fruit-eating bat), A. lituratus (great fruit-eating bat) |
Family Bunyaviridae, genus Hantavirus, Hantaan virus | Eptesicus serotinus (common serotine), Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (greater horseshoe bat) |
Family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus | |
Rift Valley fever virus | Micropteropus pusillus (Peters’ dwarf epauletted fruit bat), Hipposideros abae (Aba leaf-nosed bat), Miniopterus schreibersii (Schreibers’ long-fingered bat), Hipposideros caffer (Sundevall’s leaf-nosed bat), Epomops franqueti (Franquet’s epauletted bat), Glauconycteris argentata (common butterfly bat) |
Toscana virus | Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl’s pipistrelle) |
Family Bunyaviridae, genus unassigned | |
Kaeng Khoi virus | Chaerephon plicatus (wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat) |
Bangui virus | Scotophilus sp., Pipistrellus sp., Tadarida sp. |
Family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus | |
Ife virus | Eidolon helvum (straw-colored fruit bat) |
Japanaut virus | Syconycteris australis (southern blossom bat) |
Fomede virus | Nycteris nana (dwarf slit-faced bat), Nycteris gambiensis (Gambian slit-faced bat) |
Family Reoviridae, genus Orthoreovirus | |
Nelson Bay virus | Pteropus poliocephalus (gray-headed flying fox) |
Pulau virus | Pteropus hypomelanus (variable flying fox) |
Broome virus | Pteropus alecto (black flying fox) |
Family Arenaviridae, Tacaribe virus | Artibeus lituratus (great fruit-eating bat), A. jamaicensis (Jamaican fruit-eating bat) |
Family Herpesviridae, genus unassigned | |
Agua Preta virus | Carollia subrufa (gray short-tailed bat) |
A cytomegalovirus | Myotis lucifugus (little brown bat) |
Parixa virus | Lonchophylla thomasi (Thomas’ nectar bat) |
Family Picornaviridae, genus undetermined, Juruaca virus | Unidentified bat |
Unclassified | |
Issyk-kul (Keterah virus)c | Nyctalus noctula (noctule), Eptesicus serotinus (common serotine), Pipistrellus pipistrellus (common pipistrelle), Myotis blythii (lesser mouse-eared myotis), Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (greater horseshoe bat), Scotophilus kuhlii (lesser Asiatic yellow house bat), Cynopterus brachyotis (lesser short-nosed fruit bat), Eonycteris spelaea (lesser dawn bat), Chaerephon plicatus (wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat), Hipposideros diadema (diadem leaf-nosed bat), Taphozous melanopogon (black-bearded tomb bat), Rhinolophus lepidus (Blyth’s horseshoe bat), Rhinolophus horsfeldi (possibly Megaderma spasma, lesser false vampire bat) |
Mojui dos Campos virus | Unidentified bat |
Yogue virus | Rousettus aegyptiacus (Egyptian rousette) |
Kasokero virus | Rousettus aegyptiacus (Egyptian rou |
Στοιχεία:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539106/#!po=3.75000
https://www.livescience.com/26898-bats-host-human-infecting-viruses.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/28/science/bats-coronavirus-Wuhan.html?auth=linked-google
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